Add inverse hyperbolic functions `asinh()`, `acosh()` & `atanh()`

GDScript has the following built-in trigonometry functions:

- `sin()`
- `cos()`
- `tan()`
- `asin()`
- `acos()`
- `atan()`
- `atan()`
- `sinh()`
- `cosh()`
- `tanh()`

However, it lacks the hyperbolic arc (also known as inverse
hyperbolic) functions:

- `asinh()`
- `acosh()`
- `atanh()`

Implement them by just exposing the C++ Math library, but clamping
its values to the closest real defined value.
For the cosine, clamp input values lower than 1 to 1.
In the case of the tangent, where the limit value is infinite,
clamp it to -inf or +inf.

References #78377
Fixes godotengine/godot-proposals#7110

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